Featured Media Resource: [VIDEO] Space Money: The Politics And Science Of NASA’s Budget” (Newsy)
House Republicans and Democrats disagree about NASA funding priorities: GOP leaders propose refocusing NASA on space exploration, at the expense of its earth sciences budget. President Obama and other Democrats argue in favor of focusing research on climate change.


Do Now

Should NASA research funding focus more on space or climate change research? #DoNowNASA 

How to Do Now

Do Now by posting your response on social media platforms such as Twitter, Instagram, Tumblr, Vine, Flickr, Google +, etc.

Be sure to include @KQEDedspace and #DoNowNASA.

Go here for more tips for using Do Now, using Twitter for teaching, and using other digital tools.


Learn More About the Debate Over NASA Funding

With the 2016 presidential election coming up, do you know where the candidates stand on federally-funded science research, including the work of the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA)? NASA’s scientific research includes both earth-focused and space-focused subjects, and with a 2016 requested budget of over 19 billion dollars, NASA funds the research of more than 10,000 scientists based at universities, government facilities and private industries. Because of NASA’s massive funding, the presidential candidates have been split on how its budget and operations should be handled.

Space exploration_2Photo courtesy of NASA

You might think that NASA only concerns itself with studying outer space. Actually, NASA also studies our home planet, focusing on climate change, weather prediction and natural disasters. For example, NASA has been studying and recording the surface temperature of the globe, concluding that recent temperatures soar above all previous records, dating back to 1880. NASA has also observed and shared images of wildfires in Chihuahua, Mexico, and the effects of the California drought.

NASA, of course, has an array of different space-related research programs that focus on both our own solar system and other galaxies thousands of light years away. Currently, NASA has been directing a lot of its resources toward studying our neighboring planet Mars, including the Mars Exploration Rover Mission, which documents the surface of Mars. NASA also explores the far reaches of the universe. The Kepler Mission, NASA’s most prominent long-range program, uses the Kepler Space Telescope to scan distant solar systems for earth-like planets in the habitable zone of stars.

The Debate

There’s a pretty clear split among the front-running presidential candidates on their support for NASA, especially related to NASA’s research on climate change. Climate change is hotly debated, as many people refuse to validate scientific research that has proven its existence.

Two of the Republican candidates, Ted Cruz and Marco Rubio, argue that NASA should prioritize space exploration over research of Earth. Cruz believes that “scientific evidence doesn’t support global warming,” and therefore NASA should focus less on Earth research. Cruz argues that it would shift “resources away from the core functions of NASA to other functions.” Marco Rubio also supports more space exploration, which he feels is the right place to “invest [our] nation’s brightest scientists and ambitious endeavors.” Both Cruz and Rubio believe that “there has been no “recorded warming” of the Earth (Cruz). In addition, candidate Donald Trump has dismissed the legitimacy of climate change, claiming, “unless somebody can prove something to me, I believe there’s weather. I believe there’s change.”

Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders is generally supportive of increased funding for NASA, but believes it should be a lower priority, giving precedent to meeting America’s basic needs. He accepts that “climate change is perhaps the most significant planetary crisis” confronting mankind and supports the continued study of the Earth, but has not released a formal statement. Similarly, Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton has expressed support for funding of NASA, believing that NASA’s research both on Earth and in space set the stage for a brighter future for science in America. “I think [the space program] is a good investment, so on my list of things that I want our country to invest in, in terms of research and innovation and…basic science, exploring space, exploring our oceans, exploring our genome. We’re at the brink of all kinds of new information. Let’s not back off now!”


More Resources

ARTICLE: How the 2016 presidential candidates prioritize space exploration (Brookings Institute)
This article gives a brief history of NASA’s funding throughout each presidency.

AUDIO: Scientific Evidence Doesn’t Support Global Warming, Sen. Ted Cruz Says (NPR)
There’s a huge partisan divide on the issue of global warming in the U.S. NPR host Steve Inskeep talks to the Texas senator and GOP presidential candidate about his views on climate change.

ARTICLE: Donald Trump On Climate Change: ‘I Believe It Goes Up And It Goes Down’ (Huffington Post)
This article describes Donald Trump’s views on the issue of climate change.

ARTICLE: Science on the campaign trail: Where the presidential candidates stand (Science Magazine)
This article talks about each presidential candidates’ position on issues in science.


Do Next

Do Next takes the online conversation to the next level: these are suggestions for ways to go out into your community and investigate how the topic featured in this Do Now impacts people’s lives. Use digital storytelling tools and social media to share your story and take action. Make sure to tag your creations with #DoNowNASA

  • Make a Meme: Using this tutorial on making humorous memes to make a serious point, make a meme that illustrates your position on this issue and share on social media.
  • Host a Twitter Debate: In the classroom, choose sides on the issues presented in this Do Now and stage a mock debate. Create arguments, counter-arguments, rebuttals, and closing statements. To make it a contest, take a poll before and after each debate to see how many viewers changed their opinions. Assign a classmate to live-Tweet the debate and invite others to chime in. The team that sways the most people to their side wins.
  • Illustrate the Debate: Make an infographic using an online tool like ease.ly or Piktochart or even PowerPoint to explain the Democratic candidates’ positions on the issue of NASA funding.

KQED Education partners with phenomenal organizations to bring you the Science Do Now activities. The Science Do Now is posted every two weeks on Tuesday. This post was written by the following youth from the Science News Team within the California Academy of Sciences’ TechTeens program:

Alex B, Alvin S, Darrah B, Mathew L, Maggie Y, Ori L, and Sophie H

The TechTeens are youth leaders who use digital media to develop and communicate science stories for the public.

  • NiCuCo

    “Should NASA research funding focus more on space or climate change research?”

    Yes.

  • Pfc. Parts

    In space, no one can hear climate alarmists scream…

    • DavidAppell

      No one is screaming — they’re too busy pointing out our record temperatures.

      • Pfc. Parts

        You lack a sense of humor David. I’ve seen this before.

        • DavidAppell

          Actually that comment demonstrated a great sense of humor. You’re just too bitter to recognize it.

          • Pfc. Parts

            No, it demonstrates a rather overwhelming arrogance and ignorance.

            CO₂ doesn’t become noticeable in our atmosphere (from a toxicological perspective) before it reaches 20,000 ppmv (2%). It doesn’t become toxic before it reaches 50,000 ppmv (5%). Of course water vapor, in sufficient quantities, is also potentially toxic, however jumping up and down about a gas that is currently beneficial and will continue to be beneficial in amounts equal to 10 times its current value is, frankly, deranged.

          • DavidAppell

            The problem with anthropogenic CO2 isn’t its toxicology, it’s it’s effect on climate, which is huge.

          • Pfc. Parts

            And beneficial! Who would have thought?

          • DavidAppell

            No, it’s not beneficial, as a host of studies prove. Not even to plants.

            “Does a Warmer World Mean a Greener World? Not Likely!,” Jonathan Chase, PLOS Biology, June 10, 2015.
            http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002166

          • Pfc. Parts

            “Made ya look!”

            Dave, this is tiresome now. You’re what we call a fanatic, a fundamentalist. You BELIEVE. That’s your problem, destiny, fate, call it what you will. CO₂ produced by humans does no provable harm. There’s never been a proven link between it and global warming, cooling, or just right. None. Ever. Anywhere. In any journal. No experimental evidence at all. Nada.

            Ever. In the entire history of humanity. Nothing.

          • DavidAppell

            So, instead of calling me names, PROVE anthropogenic CO2 is beneficial.

            Prove it, with rational arguments and science. You can’t.

            And aCO2 certainly does harm — it warms the planet, alters the climate system and the ocean, in all sorts of ways that are unwanted.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, I don’t disprove scientific hypothesis. It’s the duty of the author to prove themselves correct, which they have not done.

            I’ve already told you CO₂ is serving to “green” the planet and that’s a well understood effect you can find all by yourself. So turn off the TV and go read a book until you fall asleep. Dream good dreams.

          • DavidAppell

            I understand — you CAN’T prove aCO2 is beneficial, and you can’t DISPROVE it is harmful. I”ve made my case.

            No one doubts that aCO2 is greening Earth. But you keep saying that’s beneficial, even though you can’t prove that at all.

          • Pfc. Parts

            you CAN’T prove aCO2 is beneficial

            You can’t be serious. I CAN’T prove CO₂ is beneficial? Well, I suppose I can’t prove the ground is down then either. You have some serious reality issues Dave.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Actually I can prove CO₂ is beneficial. CO₂ is used in commercial greenhouses to promote plant growth. Its a very common practice and there are a large number of journal articles on the subject. Here’s one from my very own publisher:

            http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0304423887900288

          • DavidAppell

            “Does a Warmer World Mean a Greener World? Not Likely!,” Jonathan Chase, PLOS Biology, June 10, 2015.

            http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002166

          • DavidAppell

            “Negative impacts of global warming on agriculture, health & environment far outweigh any supposed positives.” Smith et al. (2009), http://www.pnas.org/content/106/11/4133.full.pdf

          • DavidAppell

            “Increasing CO2 threatens human nutrition,” Samuel S. Myers et al, Nature 510, 139–142 (05 June 2014).
            http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v510/n7503/full/nature13179.html

          • DavidAppell

            “We also find that the overall effect of warming on yields is negative, even after accounting for the benefits of reduced exposure to freezing temperatures.”
            — “Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields,” Jesse Tack et al, PNAS 4/20/15
            http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/05/06/1415181112

          • DavidAppell

            “Higher CO2 tends to inhibit the ability of plants to make protein… And this explains why food quality seems to have been declining and will continue to decline as CO2 rises — because of this inhibition of nitrate conversion into protein…. “It’s going to be fairly universal that we’ll be struggling with trying to sustain food quality and it’s not just protein… it’s also micronutrients such as zinc and iron that suffer as well as protein.”

            – University of California at Davis Professor Arnold J. Bloom, on Yale Climate Connections 10/7/14
            http://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2014/10/crop-nutrition/2014

          • DavidAppell

            “CO₂ is used in commercial greenhouses to promote plant growth.”

            Hilarious. Have you noticed the real world isn’t a greenhouse? Have you noticed plants in the real world are exposed to temperature extremes and precipitation changes that greenhouse plants are not?

            Absolutely hilarious.

          • Pfc. Parts

            One thing I’ve noticed about you these past couple of weeks; you take yourself very seriously. You also make wild accusations like “you can’t prove that at all”. People don’t always jump when you shout “frog!” Dave. I don’t hang on your every word. No, I can’t “prove” CO₂ is uniformly benefcial to plants, however I can cite many studies that support the hypothesis, with empirical evidence. I just don’t necessarily do it for you. Sometimes, exercises are left to the student.

          • DavidAppell

            Still waiting for your data on the warming trend over the last 10,000 years.

            When is that coming?

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            Prove it, with rational arguments and science. You can’t.

            Dave? I don’t believe your hypothesis. You’re the one who needs to prove it, not me. Or would you prefer I tax you on nonsensical stuff I just pulled out of my tuckus?

          • DavidAppell

            You made a claim: “CO₂ produced by humans does no provable harm.”

            Prove your claim.

          • Pfc. Parts

            How would you expect me to prove that CO₂ hasn’t been proven to do harm? If you disagree, prove CO₂ does harm. I can’t prove there’s no proof any other way. I’m unaware of any proof CO₂ does harm. I am aware that people have alleged it does harm, however none of those people have presented a proof it does harm.

            Feel free to correct me, but expect an argument if your citations come up short.

          • DavidAppell

            Still waiting for your data on the warming trend of the 10,000 yrs.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg last 10,000 years.

          • DavidAppell

            “No experimental evidence at all.”

            1) Climate science, like geology, medicine, and other disciplines, can’t do experiments. Obviously.

            2) Here are some key observations for you to think about, because I doubt you know they exist:

            “Radiative forcing – measured at Earth’s surface – corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect,” R. Philipona et al, Geo Res Letters, v31 L03202 (2004)
            http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003GL018765/abstract

            “Observational determination of surface radiative forcing by CO2 from 2000 to 2010,” D. R. Feldman et al, Nature 519, 339–343 (19 March 2015)
            http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7543/full/nature14240.html

            Their press release: “First Direct Observation of Carbon Dioxide’s Increasing Greenhouse Effect at the Earth’s Surface,” Berkeley Lab, 2/25/15
            http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/02/25/co2-greenhouse-effect-increase/

          • Pfc. Parts

            The they aren’t science Dave. I’m not the first person to notice that and you aren’t the first to admit it.

            I will quit trying to disabuse you of your fantasies and beliefs. You’re welcome to them. Don’t try taxing me because you hold what I consider irrational and unfounded opinions. You aren’t the only person I’ve met that thinks he knows more about the world than I do and has the authority to make me do the right thing.

            You go off with your friends and have a good time.

          • DavidAppell

            These studies aren’t science? Why not?

          • Pfc. Parts

            They, uh, don’t support your position?

          • DavidAppell

            Of course they support my position — that’s why I listed them.

            Your responses here are increasingly lame, and have never been rooted in science, at all.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Of course they support my position — that’s why I listed them.

            You really shouldn’t have. It was much more than I expected. Completely useless opinion pieces were frankly more than I could have hoped for.

          • DavidAppell

            They are all scientific papers, not opinion pieces, derived via the scientific method.

            Can you even read scientific papers?

          • Pfc. Parts

            “Here are some key observations for you to think about, because I doubt you know they exist:”

            I’d already read the Feldman paper. The press release was new.

            I’ve already pretty much dissected the Feldman paper for you Dave, I’m not going to do it a second time. Feldman presents some observations based on experimental equipment. The paper admits deficiencies. I’ve outlined my concerns. Feldman hasn’t had anyone reproduce those results yet, the paper is barely a year old. There will be challenges to it unless the entire discipline of science just went on holiday all at once.

            It’s promising research. It isn’t proof.

          • FNLED

            You really can’t be this stupid.
            Can you?

          • DavidAppell

            “CO₂ produced by humans does no provable harm.”

            Absolutely ridiculous — heat waves, droughts, ice loss, rising seas, ocean acidification.

            Are you trying to tell me that 2500 deaths in last summer’s Indian heat wave, and 2000 in Pakistan’s, didn’t create “harm?”

          • Pfc. Parts

            No Dave. I’m telling you it was weather. It’s been going on for millennia. Weather. Climate changes. It’s been happening for billions of years. The Earth’s climate is in a warming period and has been for over 10,000 years. Maybe you’ve noticed Michigan isn’t under a mile of ice anymore? Global Warming.

            Global Warming is why you’re alive, breathing, and spouting nonsense at your keyboard this evening. Global Warming is your Friend! :)

          • DavidAppell

            Who are you to say it “was weather?” What studies and research have you done on the issue.

            The India heat wave was the 5th worse in history. That doesn’t just happen by weather. The 2010 Moscos heat wave was even worse, and science shows that was at least partly due to manmade global warming:

            Climate change ‘partly to blame’ for sweltering Moscow
            BBC News, August 10, 2010
            http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-10919460

            2010 Russian Heatwave More Extreme Than Previously Thought
            Climate Central, 3/17/11
            http://www.climatecentral.org/blogs/2010-russian-heatwave-more-extreme-than-previously-thought

            Climate change increased likelihood of Russian 2010 heatwave – study
            The Guardian, 2/21/12
            http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/feb/21/climate-change-russian-heatwave

            Bombshell: Study Finds 80% Chance Russia’s 2010 July Heat Record Would Not Have Occurred Without Climate Warming
            Think Progress, 10/24/11
            http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/10/24/351770/study-russia-2010-july-heat-record-climate-warming/

            Extreme Heat
            Open Mind, 11/6/10
            https://tamino.wordpress.com/2010/11/06/extreme-heat/

          • Pfc. Parts

            “The India heat wave was the 5th worse in history. That doesn’t just happen by weather.”

            Well, actually it does Dave. 1986 was the wettest recorded year on the California coast in 100 years. When you say things like “the worst in history” you’re not talking about a long time. When you say things like “the 5th worse [sic] in history” you’re (I think) trying to say there were four other events in recorded history that were worse than that one, which really isn’t saying much.

            And none of it can be linked (scientifically) to CO₂.

            This is whee I have to say “go fish!”

          • DavidAppell

            Still no data.

            I’m not debating anything else with you until you start producing data. You can start with the data behind your claim that “it’s been warming for 10,000 years.”

            Otherwise, so long.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            Hey, that’s great. And I see you’ve published the fuzzy nonsense graph one last time (I hope!) in parting. I honestly didn’t think you’d ever give up. I can’t say it’s been fun and I can’t say I’ve learned anything from our exchange. I had hoped you might but you haven’t even figured out that there is no data other than the data I’ve presented, which you’ve refused to accept without explaining why. At least I did you the honor of going into some considered detail about why I rejected the “fuzzy chart”.

            So long Dave. Try and stop worrying about the boogerman in the closet? I doubt it does you any good. Somewhere in there I get the idea there’s a reasonable person trying to get out. Take him for a walk in the park sometime?

            Sincerely,
            Scott.

          • DavidAppell

            Still no data, same as ever.

            You never had any to begin with.

          • DavidAppell

            “The Earth’s climate is in a warming period and has been for over 10,000 years.”

            False. The world was cooling since about 6000 BCE, until the Industrial era:

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/e8d598138cbc414069b1f9008f33e5a68ef1e22190cdfaf3a807e20a88d5fb5d.png

            Data from Marcott et al Science 2013.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, Dave, Dave!

            :)

            You are the chameleon aren’t you! What a hoot you are! I understand now, it isn’t “global warming” you’re worried about, it’s “climate change”! Heads you win, tails I lose!

            Go away Dave. You’ve wasted more bandwidth than you deserve. This isn’t a “humorous meme” designed to “make a serious point” anymore. It’s just a bad joke.

          • DavidAppell

            Global warming leads to climate change.

            By now it’s clear that you are unable to read and understand scientific papers. So what do you base your opinions on?

          • Pfc. Parts

            It was not provably caused by CO₂ Dave.

            This is the classic misdirection. In formal logic the technique is called “begging the question”. You assert something is true (there was a heat wave in Pakistan) that is provable, then imply something else (it was caused by CO₂) that isn’t proven or even supported in the argument. The method is rampant in the media.

            Begging the question is a logical fallacy. Did I mention I’m also a student of formal logic? You, in technical terms, just stepped into a steaming pile of doo doo with that one :)

          • DavidAppell

            “There’s never been a proven link between it and global warming, cooling, or just right. None. Ever. Anywhere. In any journal. No experimental evidence at all. Nada.”

            “Radiative forcing – measured at Earth’s surface – corroborate the increasing greenhouse effect,” R. Philipona et al, Geo Res Letters, v31 L03202 (2004)
            http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003GL018765/abstract

            “Observational determination of surface radiative forcing by CO2 from 2000 to 2010,” D. R. Feldman et al, Nature 519, 339–343 (19 March 2015)
            http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v519/n7543/full/nature14240.html

            Their press release: “First Direct Observation of Carbon Dioxide’s Increasing Greenhouse Effect at the Earth’s Surface,” Berkeley Lab, 2/25/15
            http://newscenter.lbl.gov/2015/02/25/co2-greenhouse-effect-increase/

          • Pfc. Parts

            So, you need to strike the first cite since the second two contradict it.

            The second needs to be read carefully. Can you explain the experiment in your own words? Let me give it a shot. I have to confess I’ve already read the article and the abstract of the paper you cite above so I kind of had an opinion on them already. I also mentioned I worked with NASA for a while as an astrophysicist. I didn’t mention my field was infrared astronomy, which is relevant since I have a fair understanding of the various emission/radiation spectra of atmospheric gasses. I can tell you that no IR astronomer cares about CO₂ at all. It’s a non issue. CO₂, at the temperatures observed in the troposphere, plays no significant role in IR absorption. Water vapor is our enemy and we go to extreme lengths to get our instruments above it. So extreme that we build observatories at altitudes we can’t breath in without supplemental O₂ (Mauna Kea) or we fly them above the tropopause at altitudes in excess of 42,000 feet (Kuiper Airborne Observatory, SOPHIA) at an approximate cost of $6000/minute in 1980 dollars.

            Instruments (very precises instruments according to the article) were built by NOAA in two locations, one in Alaska, one in Oklahoma. The instruments were designed to capture IR in the CO₂ emission band. Without passing through the Nature Paywall for the measly cost of $32 to read a paper written by a government agency and paid for by US taxes, I’m going to assume those instruments measured radiation in the 15μm band. The article then goes on to say the metrics were corrected for H₂O emissions, which coincidentally also radiates in the 15μm band.

            So the problem here is really multi-faceted. First, we need to question exactly how emissions by water were subtracted from those of carbon dioxide, since the two molecules radiate and absorb in the same spectrum? One answer might be that only measures taken in clear skies were used. If so, why was there a need for “correction” and how was that “correction” performed?

            Since global temperatures as measured by NOAA satellites didn’t increase during the study period (2000-2010) what might we conclude from these data? How is it we know the increase in measured 15μm radiation was actually a measure of CO₂ emission and not water? If temperature didn’t increase, why would we care?

          • DavidAppell

            Still no data.

            Read the papers for explanations of their methodology — I’m not here to be your tutor.

          • Pfc. Parts

            “I’m not here to be your tutor.”

            Certainly not Dave. And I seem to be failing in my role as yours. I’m sorry about that, I really am.

          • Pfc. Parts

            You don’t understand the difference between a proof and an allegation do you? All this time I’ve wasted. Feldman’s work is promising and I hope some form of it continues, but it isn’t proof.

          • FNLED

            Hannity tell ya that?

          • Pfc. Parts

            I have no idea what that means?

          • FNLED

            It means you have brought nothing but Hannity like opinion to this thread.
            You are embarrassing yourself here.

          • Pfc. Parts

            I’m sorry but I don’t know what a Hannity is.

          • FNLED

            Do you know what Socializing fossil fuel Externalities is?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Gibberish? No. I’m afraid I don’t. You didn’t answer the question.

          • FNLED

            Socializing Costs and Privatizing profits?

            Never heard of it?

            Do you know any economics?
            Ever heard of Market Failure?
            Where the Cost of a product isn’t correct and doesn’t reflect the True Cost ?
            Where the Cost is Socialized?

            I’ll bet you are a supporter of Market Failure where Costs are Socialized and not paid for by those who produce it when it comes to fossil fuel energy production.

            Are you a supporter of the market failure the Pollute for Free business model uses to Socialize their Spillover Costs onto the rest of us?

          • Pfc. Parts

            BTW, it’s “CO₂” Dave.

  • Contrarian Investor

    UNFORTUNATELY, EARTH IS DONE & CLIMATE CHANGE GOALS WILL FAIL

    NASA should focus on space exploration & man travelling to other planets.

    President Obama, NASA, Al Gore, Environmentalist & Climate Change proponents are fighting a losing battle.

    Big Oil, David Tepper, paid off analysts, paid off lawyers & aggressive Short Sellers are working overtime to kill companies like SunEdison the largest global renewable energy company in the world.

    Ironically, SUNE tanked with the price of oil tanking when demand for oil is going down but demand for electricity is going up.

    Their stock tanked from $33.45 to $1.50 within 6 months due to oil price tanking & aggressive short selling (over 35% short interest), even though they have a huge back log of projects, $4.43 book value ($1.4 billion equity & owns 2 Yield Cos TERP & GLBL but only $490 million market cap) & mostly strong buy recommendations from most analysts. It went from a $11 billion dollar market cap company to $500 million within 6 months!

    If investors keep losing on renewable energy investments & green companies go bankrupt, the Climate Change movement will die off along with Earth.

    You can talk all you want but in reality, cash is king!

    • DavidAppell

      Until fossil fuel companies start paying for the damage costs of their pollution (> $120 B/yr in the US), renewables will need to be subsidized. And they should be, until the market is levelized.

      • Pfc. Parts

        Pollution? CO₂ is now pollution according to the, what? What evidence do you have that CO₂ is a pollutant? Every form of life on Earth depends on CO₂. Every single one. It is a fertilizer. It promotes plant growth. We can now see the effects of increased CO₂ from space! Deserts are greening. Crop yields are increasing. The global environment is thriving, and you think that’s a problem?

        David, you’re on the wrong team.

        • DavidAppell

          CO2 is clearly a pollutant — an unwanted, harmful substance generated as a byproduct of a beneficial product.

          And the Supreme Court ruled it a pollutant, under the Clean Air Act (Mass. v EPA 2007).

          • Pfc. Parts

            David, left to its own devices the Supreme Court would rule that Pi equals 3. This is about science, not personal bias.

          • DavidAppell

            US representatives decided that aCO2 was a pollutant, and a Republican president signed that amendment into law.

            And both were right. So was the Supreme Court.

          • Pfc. Parts

            No Dave. A Republican president didn’t sign that into law. But it really wouldn’t matter would it? Because there’s absolutely no evidence at all to support the idea that CO₂ is a pollutant (you really owe it to yourself to learn how to spell that, you use it a lot).

            CO₂ isn’t a pollutant, neither is O₂. These gasses are essential to life on the planet. The Apollo astronauts can perhaps explain why too much O₂ in an atmosphere can become a problem, if not Dr. Peter Bennett, author of “The Physiology and Medicine of Diving”, 4 ed. can help you.

            CO₂ doesn’t suffer from the disadvantage of being toxic or dangerous in any way below concentrations of 20,000 ppmv. We’re currently at about 400 ppmv. Plants and animals evolved on this planet (you understand evolution right?) at values near 5000 ppmv. We like high concentrations of CO₂ and we thrive under those conditions. CO₂ is good. Repeat that to yourself every night before falling asleep.

            You’re over-reacting to a problem that doesn’t exist Dave. There are real problems in the world. Find one. Become obsessed by it. Dedicate your life to fixing it. Do that by actually fixing it instead of whining about other people not fixing it for you. Do something important. Do it yourself.

          • DavidAppell

            GHW Bush signed the Clean Air Amendments into law.

            Anthropogenic CO2 is certainly a “pollutant,” which is why the Supreme Court ruled it was in Mass v EPA 2007.

            It’s an unwanted and harmful substance produced as a byproduct of a benefical product (energy). When CO2 was higher in the past — 400 Myrs ago — the Sun was much weaker. It was that CO2 that kept away global glaciation.

            And you can’t assume that plants that did well 400 Myrs ago would do well today — there’s been too much evolution in that time.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, the Clean Air act never mentioned CO₂. I know it, you know it, the world knows it. But if it did I’ll remind you of the comment on Pi and it’s value. George W. Bush (aka “Shrub”) was a certifiable moron I wouldn’t take driving directions from.

            It’s the EPA, a runaway collection of bloodsucking lawyers who are promoting this nonsense with the help of “useful idiots” like yourself.

          • DavidAppell

            Perhaps you should read the Supreme Court decision for Mass v EPA 2007.

            Dummy: It wasn’t “George W Bush” who signed the major amendment to the Clean Air Act, it was his father, GHW Bush.

          • Pfc. Parts

            I believe I said “Bush”? I don’t happen to care for Bush (either of them). What’s your point?

          • DavidAppell

            “It’s the EPA, a runaway collection of bloodsucking lawyers who are promoting this nonsense with the help of “useful idiots” like yourself.”

            Dummy: the EPA was the defendant in that 2007 case, not the plaintiff. It was Massachusetts arguing that CO2 should be regulated. The EPA was on the other side.

            Jeez.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dummy? OK idiot. Are we finished with that now?

          • DavidAppell

            You didn’t even understand what side the EPA was on in that Supreme Court case.

            So, yes, I’m doing with you on that.

          • Pfc. Parts

            You’re “doing with me” on that? What were you really trying to say Dave? And what evidence do you have I didn’t understand some case involving the EPA? What case? Why is it relevant? What did I not understand?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Then don’t be a “useful idiot” Dave. Learn to think for yourself. Look at the data yourself. The RSS lower tropospheric data are freely available on their website. The Mauana Loa CO₂ data is freely available. If you can perform an ordinary linear regression on those data you will find there’s been no warming over the past 18 years, while at the same time the atmospheric CO₂ fraction has increased by 30% This should tell you quite clearly there is no correlation between average global temperature (AGT) and atmospheric CO₂ fraction. Without correlation there’s no causation. It really doesn’t get much simpler than that.

            So you can truck out all the expert opinions you like. The data is what it is.

          • DavidAppell

            Are you aware the RSS and UAH temperature aren’t “data,” they are numbers calculated from a complex model?

            Even the head of the RSS team, Carl Mears, considers the surface data to be more reliable.

            The best measure of global warming is the ocean, and away, which is absorbing huge amounts of heat on a consistent basis.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, are you aware that all thermometers aren’t real data? They’re just numbers calculated form a complex model?

            Don’t tell me. You just fell off the turnip truck and still getting your bearings. I can tell.

          • DavidAppell

            Thermometers provide real temperature numbers (on the surface; not from satellites). Those raw data are fed into a model to determine various means, as they should be.

          • NiCuCo

            You mention RSS. RSS is Remote Sensing Systems. Satellite temperatures are remotely sensed and are the result of complex calculations. Dr. Spencer explains how it is done (for UAH):
            http://www.drroyspencer.com/2015/04/version-6-0-of-the-uah-temperature-dataset-released-new-lt-trend-0-11-cdecade/

          • Pfc. Parts

            I don’t follow the UAH instruments myself. I worked on the RSS instruments, they’re good enough for what I do and better than anything available from the ground.

          • NiCuCo

            “better than anything available from the ground.”

            Measuring the radiance of O2 in the troposphere, through various other levels of the atmosphere, and calculating temperature from it, is more accurate than direct measurement at the surface with a thermistor or thermometer?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Much more accurate. Recall ground based sensors are infrequently calibrated and geographically sparse. All instruments are analogs for temperature, Thermistors and glass thermometers are no different.

            THE RSS and UAH data are regularly checked against radiosonde data collected by weather balloons in addition to virtually continuous systematic calibration. Yhee is a much higher degree of concordance between RSS and radiosonde measurements than between either and ground based metrics.

          • NiCuCo

            “Thermistors and glass thermometers are no different in that respect.”

            The are not remote sensors.

            Have you looked at how satellite temperatures are calculated?
            http://www.drroyspencer.com/2015/04/version-6-0-of-the-uah-temperature-dataset-released-new-lt-trend-0-11-cdecade/

          • Pfc. Parts

            ? Not remote sensors? They are if you aren’t in the room with them, not that I can see your point at all. What does that have to do with the fact that there is no difference between a glass thermometer, a thermistor, a microwave sounding thermometer or a platinum thermometer in the respect you mention? All are based on a “complex model” of operation that relates some behavior to “temperature”.

            Yes I’m familiar with the way these instruments work. I believe I mentioned that I worked to develop them?

          • Pfc. Parts

            And you claim to be a physicist? “The ocean … which is absorbing huge amounts of heat…”

            The temperature of the ocean hasn’t changed much Dave. There’s no evidence (in the form of, you know, real data) to support it has. Now, we can discuss “adjusted data”, stuff made up from whole cloth ala Tom Karl, but not real measurement. The ocean is, within error limits (which are quite large BTW), the same temperature today as it was when people started measuring sea surface temperature. Sorry, but that’s a non-starter too.

            And don’t bother trying to convince anyone, including me, that it’s “hiding in the unmeasurable depths” somewhere. Heat rises. Always has.

          • DavidAppell
          • Pfc. Parts

            No Dave. These data have been mucked with so many times by so many people (most recently the infamous Tom Karl “adjustment”) they’re not even remotely credible anymore. There was a time, long before this topic was politicized, that the SST record was at least an honest approximation with some degree of credibility if not precision. Unfortunately that’s no longer the case.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Yes, and so does everyone else.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, how was this measured, and why are you thinking temperature is reported in Joules?

          • DavidAppell

            Here is all the data and information you’d ever want on ocean heat content data:

            http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/

            Happy reading.

          • Pfc. Parts

            JUST PRODUCE SOME CREDIBLE TEMPERATURE OBSERVATIONS DAVE.

          • DavidAppell

            “…and why are you thinking temperature is reported in Joules?”

            Do you need a tutorial on the difference between heat and temperature?

          • Pfc. Parts

            No, but an explanation of the difference between Joules (energy) and temperature would be just fine. Hold forth at will.

          • DavidAppell
          • Pfc. Parts

            What is this Dave? The Y axis seems to be years. What’s X supposed to be?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Why is it you feel compelled to reprint fuzzy charts from NOAA with no explanation? No labels and no provenance?

            Did you think for some reason I’m unaware of the most recent shenanigans NOAA’s been playing with the sea surface temperature records, the GISS data that’s now been incorporated into the HadCRU data? It actually irritates me a great deal.

            This isn’t ARGO data Dave, and that’s about the best data we have. It’s random, it has poor coverage and it’s only been around a few years, but it’s a whole lot better than intake temperatures or buckets dropped in the ocean by conscripts. One of the things you learn as a practicing scientist is that your results are never any more accurate, precise or reliable than your data collection, and no one has been doing comprehensive sea surface temperature measurement. It just doesn’t exist.

          • DavidAppell

            The site I cited explains where the data come from:

            http://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/3M_HEAT_CONTENT/

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, I have an idea this chart is reporting Joules, a measure of energy, not heat. What point do you think it makes?

          • DavidAppell

            Do you really not know the difference between heat and temperature?

          • Pfc. Parts

            As a physicist Dave, you should know the difference between temperature and energy. Joules are a measure of energy. Stop with the BS and present your temperature data in temperature like normal people.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, I’ve waited nearly two weeks for you to revise this:

            “Are you aware the RSS and UAH temperature aren’t “data,” they are numbers calculated from a complex model?”

            It’s interesting (to me) you would suggest the RSS and UAH satellite metrics weren’t “data”; as if there were some criteria, Would that criteria be based on the presence or absence of a “complex model”? If so, may I draw your attention to quantum mechanics? Perhaps statistical mechanics?

            I regret that the advanced sciences are more complex than might be hoped for. I also hope for a much simpler explanation that has not yet been provided. Please understand I am “on your side” in that respect.

            But it just “ain’t so” as we understand it. Global warming? No, No evidence, I can’t help you there. i understand why you’re concerned and if I hadn’t spent thirty years studying it myself, I’d be the first to agree. But I have and so I can’t.

            Keep up the good work Dave. I’m not joking and not being sarcastic. The world, your World, depends entirely on people like you, never give up.

            Thank you Dave, Sincerely.

          • Pfc. Parts

            “Make a Meme: Using this tutorial on making humorous memes to make a serious point, make a meme that illustrates your position on this issue and share on social media.”

            Dave, I’m pretty much done now. Have a nice day.

          • DavidAppell

            Leaving in defeat. Sound defeat.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Really chaps your ass doesn’t it Dave? :) Arguing with folks like you is pointless, I’ve at least learned that much, apparently you haven’t gotten there yet.

          • DavidAppell

            You lost the argument because you could not support your claims, nor disprove the support I gave for my claims.

            That’s how science and critical thinking work. Too bad for you.

          • Pfc. Parts

            It’s very apparent you wouldn’t know science from a hedgehog Dave.

          • DavidAppell

            Wanna compare scientific credentials?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Sure Dave. You go first.

          • DavidAppell

            I’m confident of mine, which didn’t come from flying around in airplanes. See my Web site.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Well darn it Dave you old scoundrel! You’re confident eh? Who would have guessed. :)

            What web site Dave? How will I know it’s yours? Is it a blog upon which you hold forth with your extensive knowledge of biological processes, plant physiology and paleo-climatology? Be still my heart. I can hardly wait.

          • DavidAppell

            I’m easily found: davidappell.com

          • Pfc. Parts

            You should be ashamed of yourself Dave. Really. A PhD in physics who’se never even heard of the Holocene? Doesn’t know what an inter-glacial period is? Can’t spell CO₂ right? Thinks temperature measurements derived from tree rings and plankton fossils are precise to .1 degree? Resorts to calling people who don’t agree with his inane proclamations “Dummy”?

            I have some sneaking suspicion you’ve made all that stuff up Dave. Just sayin’, ya know?

            And get a haircut hippy :) Maybe take a shower. Try shaving?

          • DavidAppell

            Still no data.

            Are you EVER going to present data backing up your claim?

          • Pfc. Parts

            My claim Dave? My claim? That Wisconsin isn’t under a mile thick ice sheet? Call the Oshkosh chamber of commerce if you want data.

            You’re the one making the unsupportable claim anthropogenic carbon is warming the planet. All I said is that the planet has been warming for over 10,000 years, which is patently obvious.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Wait a minute. You think yo’ve presented data don’t you? That nonsense from Marcott? You actually think that’s data. Let me loan you a clue Dave, that’s what we call “noise”. You know what noise is? It’s the junk you get from using a data collection method that doesn’t have the precision to measure the thing you’re trying to measure. Proxy metrics derived from tree rings and foraminifera aren’t precise to a tenth of a degree. They aren’t precise to a degree. They aren’t precise to 5 degrees. They’re guesses Dave. Tossing chicken bones works just as well. They’re counter-factual lies David, lies designed to convince people who don’t have a clue about how this stuff actually works.

            Those 1 sigma lines in your graph? Nonsense. Utter nonsense. You haven’t presented ANY DATA here David. This is absolute junk.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Something else you may not have gleaned from your reference (Marcott); take a look at the high resolution instrument measures they’ve joined with their proxy “data”. Notice the duration of those observations. It’s approximately 140 years.

            The authors freely admit their proxy fabrication doesn’t have resolution on a centennial scale, rather it has a millennial resolution, and in my opinion that’s very gracious. This should indicate to you that, had there been centennial scale excursions like the one we’re currently experiencing, they would not appear in this reconstruction.

          • DavidAppell

            “Thinks temperature measurements derived from tree rings and plankton fossils are precise to .1 degree?”

            You are welcome to read the paper and its presentation of uncertainities.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            In other words you can’t explain it and expect me to take it on faith. I don’t. The entire idea is absurd.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Just one more (you really shouldn’t have published your CV).

            Why is it you don’t work in your field? Why is a PhD physicist writing for a living? Journalists write, physicists not so much. I’ll also mention that, for a writer, you aren’t very articulate. Honestly, it just doesn’t add up. I’d think that, as a physicist and an “educator” you’d have the ability to present your ideas in a convincing fashion without resorting to Jr. High ad hominem and childish taunts. Did you really think you were being clever with your “flying around in airplanes” jibe? That you somehow made a point?

            Have you heard of NASA’s Medium Altitude Missions Branch Dave? Know what they do? Why it might be important? You write about things you don’t understand and have never done. You haven’t even distinguished yourself as a network engineer or computer scientist much less a physicist. It’s kind of sad really.

          • DavidAppell

            Personal insults, but still no data.

            Are insults all you have?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, let me explain something to you and pay attention because this is important.

            Never begin an argument by calling your opponent a Dummy, Dense, or any other information free epithet. If you do it, you instantly lose the argument. Not only that, you lose any chance of being treated as an adult in future conversation. You will not be treated with respect. I can see you expect to be respected. I sense that from your appeal to authority and your focus on academic credentials. However that isn’t the way internet debate works.

            You see, you don’t know my credentials and I don’t know yours. That’s a condition of this medium and you’re going to need to get used to it if you intend to succeed at it. You’ve posted a web site, which you claim to accurately represent you. I have no way of knowing that web site represents a real person, and if it does, that you are that person. The same is true for me. I could tell you I’m an internationally published author, former editor of a respected scientific journal, recipient of multiple national and international awards for my contributions to science. I could even give you a name that goes with those credentials, but you would never know my claims were true.

            I write under an obvious pseudonym for a reason; unlike you I still work in my field and my views are unpopular. Many scientists in my position do the same. You may think this is unimportant, but if your CV is real, and you had been with MCI just a few years longer, you and I would know each other personally (assuming you really were one of MCI’s top scientists) because I addressed that group on several occasions. Perhaps now you might understand why I keep my opinions on subjects like this anonymous?

            So this is how it works instead. You state your claim, I state my counter claim. You present evidence, I present evidence. We argue the merits and we’re done. It isn’t about who can pee the furthest.

            You’ve blown this one. Try harder next time. Sincerely.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, I’m going to remind you your initial response to me was to call me a Dummy, followed by Dense and a few others I forget. I thought that was particularly choice. You were also dismissive, arrogant and sarcastic. In my world, you get what you pay for and that’s what you paid for. So if you think it’s insulting for me to point out that you don’t apparently work in your field after you insisted on broadcasting your CV (to what purpose I have no idea) that’s pretty much your problem.

          • DavidAppell

            Yet again no data provided.

            None whatsoever.

          • DavidAppell

            recall: you asked for my URL. Now you are insulting me for providing it.

            Typical of you, who couldn’t make a scientific argument to save your life.

          • Pfc. Parts

            :) You were the one who wanted to tout your credentials Dave. When you told me to check your website (as if everyone on the planet knew where to find your website) I told you I didn’t know where it was. Then you published it, which was a big surprise.

            You behave like a spoiled 12 year old Dave. It’s funny but boring too. I’m pretty sure most of the folks who hold your information free opinions aren’t much more developed.

          • Pfc. Parts

            You made no argument.

          • Pfc. Parts

            GHW Bush Did Not Sign the Clean Air Act into law. Sorry I missed the word “amendment”. And the Supreme Court doesn’t get to define the word “pollutant”, nor does GWH Bush, who wouldn’t know a pollutant from his elbow.

            BTW, I was alive and capable of following the news when the Clean Air Act was put in place. It was designed to curb automobile emissions and had nothing at all to do with carbon dioxide. I know that was before your time, but not before mine.

          • Pfc. Parts

            And get a job with NOAA. NASA doesn’t do this stuff. NOAA does. And that’t the way God wanted it :)

          • DavidAppell

            Both NASA and NOAA do climate research. For the former, it’s at the Goddard Institute for Space Sciences (GISS) in Manhattan.

            Go educate yourself.

          • Pfc. Parts

            I’ve worked for both agencies. I know what they do. I did it.

          • DavidAppell

            Sure, sure.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Whatsa matta Dave? You never thought you’d run into someone who worked for NASA? It shows.

          • DavidAppell

            Did you work for NASA GISS? In what capacity?

          • Pfc. Parts

            GISS? You mean Hansons clutch? No. I didn’t work for GISS, I worked for NASA. Before GISS. Back when we were going into space instead of starring up our own backside.

            Yes Dave. I worked for NASA. And NOAA. Doing atmospheric research when necessary but mostly astrophysics. So I am qualified to discuss NASA’s mission as compared with NOAA’s. I’ve done both.

          • DavidAppell

            So you didn’t work for GISS, or NOAA, in any climate science capacity.

            So you have no expertise whatsoever in climate science, despite trying to bluff that here.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, have you personally ever flown through the plume of an active, erupting volcano with instruments measuring gas composition? Personally? I have. Show a little respect.

          • DavidAppell

            Airplane rides don’t make you a climate expert.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, nothing will qualify someone who disagrees with you. My guess is you’ve never worked for either agency and couldn’t get a job with them if you wanted, but hey, who am I to know? I left in 1982.

            You’re wrong Dave. Airplane rides are what it’s all about. Unless you’ve got some real time in experimental aircraft you’re just another desk jockey. or in your case, apparently a wanna be desk jockey. :) It’s very clear you know how to use Google Dave. Not convincingly, but you can use it. I see that. It gives me no joy to tell you you’re an arrogant, under-educated blowhard who’s a menace to their own species. I certainly hope you don’t owe anyone for student loans.

          • DavidAppell

            Baloney — no one needs airplane rides to be gain knowledge of climate science.

            Sounds like you were nothing more than a technician.

          • CB

            “CO2 is clearly a pollutant”

            I’m not so sure it is!

            It’s absolutely fine to breathe in low concentrations.

            That doesn’t change the fact that it is dangerously warming the planet, of course, but I worry that designating CO₂ a pollutant will make things like this less likely:

            “crop waste could become carbon-negative energy”

            midwestenergynews.com/2015/01/27/how-crop-waste-could-become-carbon-negative-energy

            I wish there were a better scientific understanding of the issues… maybe more people should read your blog! ;p

            davidappell.blogspot.com

            Wow! You’re all over the place! Who knew…

            http://www.scientificamerican.com/author/david-appell
            http://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/author/dappell

          • DavidAppell

            I should have said, *antropogenic* CO2 is a pollutant — an unwanted sustance, with deleterious effects, produced as a byproduct of a desired produce (energy).

          • CB

            “I should have said, *antropogenic* CO2 is a pollutant”

            I’m not sure that’s specific enough either!

            Isn’t the CO₂ that comes from burning wood anthropogenic?

            That’s carbon-neutral, on the time scale it took to grow the tree.

            You could say that fossil CO₂ is a pollutant, but even there you run into problems.

            If a person taps a natural seep of fossil methane without disturbing the topography, and burns that methane, it produces fossil CO₂, but actually lowers the warming potential.

            “Pollution” is a bit of a loaded word. I understand the legal reasons why CO₂ needs to be labelled that way, but I’m uncomfortable with it.

            I would rather have the public focused on getting CO₂ back down to 280PPM and keeping it there.

          • DavidAppell

            But if one didn’t burn the methane at all, there would be no increase in atmospheric CO2. Why do you say burning it lowers the warming potential? It’s still higher than if one hadn’t burned it.

            Are you OK with saying CO2 from burning fossil fuels is a pollutant?

          • greenthinker2012

            I think CB is saying that if an unstoppable methane leak is burned into CO2 it is better than letting the methane leak into the atmosphere.
            I believe methane absorbs IR radiation better than CO2 and thus has a “global warming potential” of 34 times that of CO2 over a span of a century.

          • DavidAppell

            Thanks, I agree — a methane leak would be better off burned.

          • http://disqus.com/cblargh00 CB

            Greenthinker is correct in what I meant… and I would be fine with labelling fossil CO₂ a pollutant.

            Capturing natural seeps of fossil methane seems like a slippery slope to me. It’s too tempting to start disturbing the overlying rock like they are doing with fracking…

            I would still rather have society focused on bringing down the total amount of carbon in the air. People talk about emissions is if bringing them down to zero would fix the problem.

            It won’t. The carbon we emitted a century ago is still there. We have to be actively taking it down.

          • DavidAppell

            Yes, I certainly agree. We can never get back to a pre-industrial state, or even close to it, without removing CO2 from the air, even if GHG emissions are reduced to zero.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Just give it up Dave. Carbon dioxide is essential to all life on earth. It isn’t a “pollutant”. And a lawyer will say anything it’s paid to. It’s what they do.

          • DavidAppell

            Natural carbon dioxide is essential for life on earth. Anthropogenic carbon dioxide is not — in fact, the opposite.

        • DavidAppell

          “Every form of life on Earth depends on CO₂.”

          Correction: Every form of life on Earth depends on NATURAL CO2. It’s anthropogenic CO2 that is the pollutant.

          • Pfc. Parts

            That’s not a correction Dave.

          • DavidAppell

            It absolutely is. Life requires natural CO2, not anthropogenic CO2. The latter is unwanted — a pollutant.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Oooh! Doesn’t that just frost my butt! “unwanted pollutant”! Oooh!

            Dave, get a grip; carbon dioxide is necessary for life. It doesn’t matter at all where it comes from.

            Now, do I need to repeat the instructions about “creating a meme that’s humorous”? You’re not really holding up you end here. Your position is laughable, but not in a good way.

          • DavidAppell

            You are dense.

            NATURAL carbon dioxide is necessary for life. ANTHROPOGENIC carbon dioxide is not — it is harmful and unwanted, i.e. a pollutant.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Natural Dave? :) Can we infer you consider yourself and fellow humans “unnatural”? And you call me dense?

            Dave, I need a break here. Your self-destructive urges are very hard to absorb in such quantity over such a short time. You and I are both “natural”. There is no scientific evidence at all that we’re harming the environment with CO2 (your preferred notation). None at all. You’ve got your shorts in a twist over a fantasy.

            When I say scientific evidence, I mean exactly that. Not conjecture on the part of scientists. I’m a scientist myself and my opinion is as valid as any other. I mean evidence. Data. Numbers. Measurements. Real ones. Not tree rings. Not thermometers from 1880 read by old men in bathrobes in South Dakota wearing bifocals in blowing snow. Real data, precise to the .01C the IPCC claims.

            I know the global climate is warming. Everyone knows that. As I mentioned, it’s been going on for 10,000 years. You claim people did it. That’s a very speculative claim and there’s no evidence at all to back it up. Anywhere. I hope we understand each other?

          • DavidAppell

            Warming HAS NOT been going on for tens of thousands of years.

            Whatever your claims, you can’t even read a scientific paper. Or you habitually reject all of those that don’t say what you’d like:

            “A Reconstruction of Regional and Global Temperature for the Past 11,300 Years,” Marcott et al, Science v339 n6124 pp 1198-1201, March 8, 2013

            http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6124/1198.abstract
            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/e8d598138cbc414069b1f9008f33e5a68ef1e22190cdfaf3a807e20a88d5fb5d.png

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, it’s nonsense like this that forms an opinion of the general intelligence of KQED’s readership. We live in the Holocene epoch, an interglacial period. The climate of our planet has in fact been warming for 10,000 years, which is exactly why the state of Wisconsin is no longer under a permanent ice pack a mile thick.

            That absurd (and tiny) graph you show is nothing at all but random variation. And the crazy part at the end? Where you switch from some fantasy reconstruction to actual instrument data? If you can’t figure that out Dave (and I know you can’t) there’s no help coming for you. As I mentioned, you’re what we call a “Believer”. Good luck. I’m certain you also believe the Earth is 6,000 years old and cavemen rode dinosaurs.

          • DavidAppell

            Let’s see your data showing your claimed 10,000 years of warming.

            Because I keep showing you data that shows just the opposite.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/e8d598138cbc414069b1f9008f33e5a68ef1e22190cdfaf3a807e20a88d5fb5d.png

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave? That chart of yours is an inch and a half across. The axis labels are unreadable. The description of the chart values are unreadable. It’s noise. I have no idea where it comes from but I know it’s junk. Either find some credible source or shut up. Please stop wasting everyone’s time with this stuff (a polite term). You’ve already published it twice. It was no more convincing the second time. It is, without doubt, some form of “reconstruction”.

            One of my many fields of expertise is statistical modeling and design of experiments. I have seen, personally, climatologists simply fabricate data in reconstructions. Rarely, if ever do they quote the sources or methodologies used in these “reconstructions”. Don’t expect you can present convincing evidence in the form some tiny little graph made up by a couple of French grad students in Nature Climate or some other pal reviewed rag.

          • DavidAppell

            Source: Marcott et al Science 2013 (which just a comment ago you said you’d read).

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            Yes, I have. It wasn’t at all clear what the source of the graph was when it was published in miniature form. See my criticisms above under the original subject.

          • DavidAppell
          • Pfc. Parts

            David? Stop it. This junk you keep posting over and over isn’t data. You’re a physicist right? You should know that. No, I have no instrument records from 10,000 years ago. No one does. You don’t. Would you like me to present you with my made up numbers? I can’t do that Dave, I specialized in measurement theory, statistical methods and design of experiments for the last 20 years of my professional career and I wouldn’t stoop to what you’re doing. It’s wrong. It’s bad science. It isn’t actually science at all.

            So stop with this. Deal with the fact that No One Knows what happened over the past 10 to 20 thousand years with any precision, certainly not four tenths of a degree precision. What I said is the Earth has been warming for the past 10,000 years. The only supporting evidence anyone has is geologic, not instrumental. We have evidence there were large sheets of ice covering parts of the planet back then, and those sheets of ice are gone. We may conclude from that (via inference) that the climate has warmed since then, hence my assertion the planet has been warming for 10,000 years.

            What are you thinking? Do you honestly expect anyone at all to believe someone, anyone, is capable of accurately measuring temperature over the past 10,000 years with 0.2 degree precision? 0.4 degrees? Are you smoking the good stuff? Where does that belief come from? Can you support it? Because this junk you keep yammering about and continuously re-posting isn’t data,. It’s a completely fabricated fantasy and the authors openly admit that in the paper you keep citing endlessly.

          • DavidAppell

            “The climate of our planet has in fact been warming for 10,000 years…”

            Prove it!!

            Or are we supposed to accept you as an oracle?

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, you’re boring and uneducated. Look it up, it isn’t a secret. Neither is the well established fact plants respire carbon dioxide. Go away kid. Take a hike.

          • DavidAppell

            You are incapable of providing the data. Because there is no such data.

            Typical denier.

          • Pfc. Parts

            That must be it. The Holocene, a previously unknown phenomenon, is the pure (and very personal) fabrication of my demented and deceitful ego. Yeah. That’s the ticket! You know, I invented the Holocene! In fact it was my uncle Lou who discovered the first Dinosaur!

            You’ve now gone beyond the merely uninformed and ventured into “willfully ignorant” territory Dave.

          • DavidAppell

            Still no data.

            Why no data?

          • Pfc. Parts

            There’s just oodles of data on the interglacial warming we call the Holocene epoch Dave. Ooodles and oodles of it. It’s everywhere. I don’t do research for “PhD’s” Dave, I figure they can do that themselves, it’s what they live for.

            BTW, I enjoyed the trash you claim to have written about why the sun isn’t causing warming, along with the graph you used that explains why the planet has experienced warming for the past 100 years (the Sun of course) and why it began to cool 18 years ago (the sun of course). Talk about a classic candidate for the Journal of Irreproducible Results? I don’t believe I’ve seen a better contemporary example. Your “source” plots both the Maunder and Dalton minima, the contemporary maxima, which coincidentally occurs around 1950 when ground temperature measures peaked, falls sharply through the 50’s, 60’s and 70’s (when ground temperatures were at their nadir and climatologists were screaming “Ice Age! WE’RE GOING TO HAVE ANOTHER ICE AGE!” Then began to rise again in the 80’s and 90’s, peaking in 1998, when warming stopped. Temperatures have been flat to down for the past 18 years, just as one might expect if the cause of warming was in fact the sun. Here’s a clue by the way; you need to integrate solar activity. The Earth has something we call “thermal inertia” (that’s a term from Physics Dave) and it doesn’t just change like you were turning a light on and off.

            Do you believe everything you read Dave? Practice “reading for comprehension”.

          • DavidAppell

            This isn’t about the Holocene — you said the world has been warming for 10,000 years.

            Let’s see your data proving it.

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            Let’s see your data to prove it Dave. And yes, it is about the Holocene. So is your “data”.

            The planet has warmed since the last ice age. We call that boundary “the Holocene”. It’s the time period your chart above purports to represent. I’ve written a fairly detailed critique of it and I won’t repeat it here. The planet has warmed since the last ice age. That’s what I said, it’s what I meant and it’s obvious to everyone (but you apparently). That’s data Dave. Going outside. Not seeing ice everywhere. Data you can almost smell. The real deal.

          • DavidAppell

            Again, you have failed to provide data. S

            aying the “planet has warmed since the last ice age” is FAR different from the claim that it’s been warming for “10,000 years.”

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            What you’re actually supposed to do is engage critical thinking (remember, you accused me first) before accepting the nonsense you cite as proof.

            The only “proof” I have is the proof I’ve already cited. Rumor has it there was an ice age 10 to 20 thousand years ago. Current observation suggests the extent of that ice, formerly present throughout Canada and the Northern US, no longer exists. This tells us that the planet has been warming since the end of the last ice age. That’s proof Dave. Oshkosh isn’t under an ice pack. You can ask them. Or, you can check the Weather Channel.

            You keep citing Marcott. I believe I’ve outlined my criticisms of that paper (and the graph above) in great detail. I don’t believe high resolution data exists. I can’t accept fabricated guesses as “data”. I don’t understand why you would, but it’s your funeral. I can say it isn’t science.

          • DavidAppell
          • DavidAppell

            “Current observation suggests the extent of that ice, formerly present throughout Canada and the Northern US, no longer exists. This tells us that the planet has been warming since the end of the last ice age.”

            Irrelevant — you claimed the Earth has been warming for “10,000 years.”

            Yet you can provide no data to support that. Strange, isn’t it?

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, you’ve lost. Either present a believable foundation for the numbers in this chart or just shut up. I can do this with Excel. That doens’t mean it’s data or that it has any value. It’s junk Dave. Made up. Nonsense. Counter factual. No basis. Fishwrap. Trash.

          • Pfc. Parts

            I tacitly reject any publication that claims to have reconstructed a temperature record with .1 degree precision 10,000 years ago.

          • DavidAppell

            “What’s my proof the planet has been warming for at least 10,000 years? THERE’S NO PERMANENT ICE PACK IN WISCONSIN!”

            Doesn’t show what you claimed. In fact, the world had been on a slow 8000 yr cooling trend unil the industrial era:

            https://uploads.disquscdn.com/images/4d31bd42db08cc93aeecc15fbad3210d84d619f9b64ee8462c45194042740308.jpg

          • Pfc. Parts

            Oh no. Not again. This is (I think) the fourth time you’ve posted this absurd graph.

            ¹⁴C dating methods simply don’t have the requisite resolution to accurately join previously disjoint data sets “”
            Dave, have you really read this paper you keep spamming this conversation with? Here’s a few quotes from it:

            1: “The 73 globally distributed temperature records used in our analysis are based on a variety of paleotemperature proxies” (emphasis mine).

            2: “We account for chronologic and proxy calibration uncertainties with a Monte Carlo based randomization scheme ” (emphasis mine).

            3: “Although some differences exist at the centennial scale among the various methods (Fig. 1, C and D), they are small (<0.2°C) for most of the reconstructions, well within the uncertainties of our Standard5x5 reconstruction, and do not affect the long-term trend in the reconstruction.” (emphasis mine).

            4: “Because the relatively low resolution and time uncertainty of our data sets should generally suppress higher frequency temperature variability, an important question is whether the Holocene stack adequately represents centennial or millennial scale variability.” (emphasis mine).

            This is your source Dave. This is what you would like the world to believe is absolute proof that the Holocene does not represent a warming trend and that the whole planet is in danger of becoming a burnt out husk in the next 80 years.

            So let me explain why this is nonsense and I’ll do it by the numbers.

            1: Paleo temperature proxies suffer from a lack of precision and a lack of statistical validity. They also suffer from dramatic uncertainties in temporal resolution that prevent the joining of multiple data sets (75 in this example) with any reasonable accuracy. ¹⁴C dating techniques simply don’t have the requisite precision to allow the joining of disparate data sets over the time scales used in this study (which are regardless of commentary to the contrary, centennial). For an explanation of ¹⁴C dating limitations and standard error see: http://www.radiocarbon.org/IntCal13%20files/intcal13.pdf. This is why we’re unable to precisely join these data on a centennial scale; the dating technique doesn’t allow for it. This adds an unknown amount of error to the already unknown error produced by a proxy estimation of temperature.

            Temperature proxies are based on many different empirical (and occasionally theoretical) relationships between fossil evidence and atmospheric temperature. These are not instrument measures. In the “paper” (all three pages of it) these uncertainties aren’t revealed either in the text or through reference. It’s been my fairly consistent experience that these uncertainties are not discussed in literature, or if they are the discussion is not well publicized. As a result, I can’t give proxy based “reconstructions” of temperature any credence at all.

            In closing on this topic, the authors present a blatantly misleading graphic showing temperature anomalies measured in tenths of a degree centigrade. No proxy is precise at that level. The disingenuously imply that a graph showing a +/- .4 degree C range is actually extracted from the “data” they’ve fabricated. This is pure nonsense. You cannot produce results with a precision greater than the precision of the inputs. That’s called noise. They’ve measured and reported noise. This is classic junk science. Real scientists know better than to do this. The paper should not have been accepted for publication.

            2: Monte Carlo simulations are very familiar to me. This statement sounds very scientific, but it isn’t. You can’t add information to low information content “data” by rolling dice with it. In general, it’s safe to say you cannot add information through any statistical procedure. If the information is already present, a statistical method may be used to extract or reveal it, but this assumes the information is already present. You cannot remove uncertainties by performing statistical operations on data.

            3: This assertion simply isn’t supported. There’s no relevant reference for it, it’s just another case of “trust us”.

            4: The authors never answer this question directly and this is the problem isn’t it? The entire field of climatology is attempting to convince the world instrument observations over the past 100 years (centennial scale) are anomalous and worthy of dramatic, concerted, coordinated and very expensive effort. Yet this “paper” openly admits it provides no reasonable evidence that these centennial excursions are either unique in history or anything to be particularly concerned about.

            It’s nothing but chicken little nonsense Dave. It’s an opinion piece that lacks any evidence. A fabrication. It’s very sad to see this sort of thing but in truth it’s been going on for centuries. That it’s been picked up by the media should be no surprise; what bleeds leads and that’s always been the credo of newspapers. It shouldn’t be surprising politicians have rallied to this cause; politicians are always interested in leading people from a perceived threat and they’ll use any means available.

            But you Dave? You claim to be a scientist and you should know better. My guess is your daily bread comes from writing for pop-sci media, so you fall into the “what bleeds leads” category, which is also very disappointing. Unfortunately you share company with thousands of other scientists who’ve been reduced to begging at the political table, which has exactly the same goal shared by the political class.

            I on the other hand no longer depend on the support of the media or the government and so, within limits, am allowed to speak my mind on these subjects. Marcott is a fool, and this is not science. It’s scientific mumbo-jumbo and it truly disgusts me.

          • DavidAppell
          • Pfc. Parts

            I’m 98% water, just like everybody else.

          • DavidAppell

            Actually humans are only about 60% water. But why would you start getting any science right now?

          • Pfc. Parts

            You’re only 60% water? Perhaps that explains your obsession with density…

          • Pfc. Parts

            And learn how to spell. It’s CO₂.

          • DavidAppell

            That’s what I wrote: CO2. Everyone knows what that means.

          • Pfc. Parts

            A physicist that can’t use a subscript? Brilliant.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave, you’ve already made a complete fool of yourself, it’s not going to get any better by digging the hole deeper. But don’t let me stop you. You just keep doing it and I’ll watch. I had to let you know though. A “moral imperative” as they say…

          • DavidAppell

            Still waiting for your data that the world has been warming for 10,000 years.

            I don’t think you can provide any.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Dave? The only data anyone has is that we were in an ice age and we aren’t now. We don’t even know when that happened exactly, but we guess it was between 10 and 20 thousand years ago. We have a rough idea (from geologic records) that there were extensive permanent ice sheets covering all of Canada and much of the Northern US. We know those ice sheets have melted (because they aren’t there now) and that tells us that it got warmer. Therefore it’s safe to say the planet has been warming for the past 10,000 years. Maybe 20,000 years. Maybe 18,000 years. Somewhere in there.

            How much? Well, we can’t really say because the thermometer wasn’t invented until the mid 18th century. No one was around 10,000 years ago to record the temperature and take notes. So we don’t know. There is no data. You don’t have any data, I don’t have any data. We only have inference; the ice sheets are gone. From this, we may conclude it’s warmer now than it was 10,000 years ago. We also have written records going back a couple thousand years that tell us it was warmer then (relative to the last ice age) too.

            I hope that helps.

        • DavidAppell

          “Crop yields are increasing.”

          Not because of CO2. In fact, anthropogenic CO2 is DECREASING crop yields:

          “For wheat, maize and barley, there is a clearly negative response of global yields to increased temperatures. Based on these sensitivities and observed climate trends, we estimate that warming since 1981 has resulted in annual combined losses of these three crops representing roughly 40 Mt or $5 billion per year, as of 2002.”

          — “Global scale climate–crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming,” David B Lobell and Christopher B Field 2007 Environ. Res. Lett. 2 014002 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/2/1/014002
          http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/2/1/014002

          “Higher CO2 tends to inhibit the ability of plants to make protein… And this explains why food quality seems to have been declining and will continue to decline as CO2 rises — because of this inhibition of nitrate conversion into protein…. “It’s going to be fairly universal that we’ll be struggling with trying to sustain food quality and it’s not just protein… it’s also micronutrients such as zinc and iron that suffer as well as protein.”
          – University of California at Davis Professor Arnold J. Bloom, on Yale Climate Connections 10/7/14
          http://www.yaleclimateconnections.org/2014/10/crop-nutrition//2014

          “We also find that the overall effect of warming on yields is negative, even after accounting for the benefits of reduced exposure to freezing temperatures.”
          — “Effect of warming temperatures on US wheat yields,” Jesse Tack et al, PNAS 4/20/15
          http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2015/05/06/1415181112

          • Pfc. Parts

            Oh horseshit Dave. Pure horseshit.

          • DavidAppell

            Scientific studies are horseshit?

            Talk about being a denier……

      • CB

        “Until fossil fuel companies start paying for the damage costs of their pollution (> $120 B/yr in the US), renewables will need to be subsidized. And they should be, until the market is levelized.”

        I agree!

        …and there is one candidate for president of the United States who wants to make polluters pay for the cost of their pollution.

        “Why We Need a Carbon Tax. By: Sen. Bernie Sanders”

        http://www.sanders.senate.gov/newsroom/must-read/why-we-need-a-carbon-tax

        • DavidAppell

          Definitely. It’s sad that at this point in climate change only Sanders has the courage to propose this.

          • Pfc. Parts

            Sanders is the only certifiable loon in the lot (well, maybe Trump. Then there’s Hillary) so it shouldn’t come as much of a surprise.

          • DavidAppell

            More name calling in lieu of an argument.

            That’s a consistent attribute of you.

    • Pfc. Parts

      Oil companies have also had difficulties my friend. Exxon Mobile hit a 20 year low last week. Some people actually blamed that on renewable energy, which of course is horribly wrong.

      Do you know who the largest investor in renewable energy (in the world) is? Strangely, it isn’t the US taxpayer, it’s the Saudi royal family (via ARAMCO). Yep. Biggest investor. Just as Iran is spending huge amounts of money to develop civilian nuclear power so they can sell their oil to people too stupid to develop nuclear themselves, ARAMCO is investing in solar. It’s my opinion that Iran has done the smart thing and ARAMCO the not so smart. History will prove one of us right.

  • DavidAppell

    NASA should do both, and should be funded to do both.

    If it can only do one, it’s clearly climate change.

    • Pfc. Parts

      Dave, can you explain to the audience why an agency chartered to perform Aeronautical (not atmospheric) and Space research would be better qualified than an agency chartered to perform Oceanic and Atmospheric research in the performance of oceanic and atmospheric research?

      Because as far as I know, NOAA employs people who know how to do oceanic and atmospheric research already and they’d rather do it themselves. NASA on the other hand has no charter to do that research, and no expertise in it. James Hansen should have been prosecuted for misappropriation of funds, but he’s gone now, soon to be dead, already a raving loon and of no particular interest.

      There’s no reason at all the entire climate research organization he illegally created shouldn’t be either fired outright or transferred to Colorado (where they can huddle around the fire together and discus Global Warming). It’s just funding Dave. There’s no good reason to have two agencies doing the same thing and it would be very nice if NASA were able to get back to doing what they’re supposed to be doing.

      • DavidAppell

        Still no data…….

        Because you have no data backing up your claim that the planet has been warming for “10,000 years,” you have devolved into insults in an attempt to save face.

        Not gonna work here. This argument is over.

        • Pfc. Parts

          Dave, it was over from the start. You never had a case and you never produced any credible support.

        • Pfc. Parts

          No, Dave. You’ve bean beaten and you’re running, which is fine. You can’t get away with presenting “data” that purports to have measured temperature over the past 11,000 years with precision greater than a tenth of a degree and expect anyone to take it (or you) seriously. Your repeated “challenges” to present competing data are absurd; there is no data. You don’t have “data” David, what you have are fabricated lies.

          No Data Dave. You don’t have any. I at least know Wisconsin, Michigan, Idaho, Washington, North Dakota, Maine, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire and all of Canada are no longer under a permanent ice sheet. That’s Data Dave. What you’ve presented are nothing more than rainbows and unicorn pharts, which is typical of your kind.

  • Brendan Smith

    KQED Should NASA Focus More On
    Space Exploration or Climate Change?

    Brendan Smith

    NASA should focus more on the issues that need to be
    dealt with now or in the future rather than space exploration, which is not
    exactly a necessity at this point. We need to have priority about the study of
    our own planet over the study of others. Even the cut to the budget for Earth
    Sciences “threatens to set back generations worth of progress in better
    understanding our changing climate” (Newsy Video). We cannot as a society
    afford to waste time in attempting to fix the course that our planet’s
    environment is currently on.

    Those who deny that climate change
    is a major issue do not have solid evidence, and use old information to try to
    support their view on climate change. This is shown with an example of Donald
    Trump, “In a confusing exchange with Hewitt, Trump rattled off several
    non sequiturs on global temperatures. Trump says that “people in the 1920s
    thought the Earth was cooling, now it’s global warming,” implying that all
    subsequent climate science is nonsense. As David Roberts at Vox points out, scientists
    never actually believed that the Earth was cooling. Trump appears to
    be repeating talking points from climate change deniers, who often rely on a 1970s article in Newsweek for their research on
    “global cooling.” The author of that article has made it clear that the Earth is, in fact, warming
    and that climate deniers should stop using his article as evidence that it’s
    not” (Lewis 1). People need to stop denying climate change and use archaic
    information that is incorrect to make their point. Because of the simple fact
    that there is no solid information against climate change, NASA should be
    focusing on research toward that subject. If this phenomenon cannot be proven
    wrong indefinitely, then we should work on ways to correct this issue.

    “NASA says carbon dioxide is at its highest level in 650,000 years. It says
    9 of the 10 warmest years on record have come in this century, and Arctic ice
    has reached its lowest levels on record” (NPR 1). If this does not scare
    people, I am not sure what would. This is quality evidence that climate change
    on our planet is currently happening. Water levels are higher as a result of
    the ice caps melting, greenhouse gases are at all-time highs in our atmosphere,
    and we have had some of the warmest years in this planets history. What more
    proof do we need that it is happening and that something needs to be done about
    this issue? This could evolve into something much more than just warmer weather
    and higher water levels. Our home could be on a crash course for all we know. We
    are fighting something we know little about, so we need to focus on this so
    that we may learn methods to help mitigate this issue.

    We
    should focus on our own planet’s wellbeing rather than focusing on factors
    outside of our planet. We need to focus on our own earthly problems before we
    go out meddling in business outside of our own home.

  • Gabriella Houx

    I think that NASA should focus on climate change more than space exploration right now. Yes space exploration is important because it would be better for us to know more about the things that are out there, but climate change should be focused on. Climate change is on OUR planet that WE LIVE on. The fact that our weather is only getting warmer, it affects our people and our plants and our main focus should be how we are going to fix that.

  • John Burns

    I believe that NASA should focus its research spending on space exploration to Mars. I believe it should be Mars, because the Phoenix Mars Lander confirmed frozen water on Mars. If there is frozen water on Mars, that gives scientists and us (The People) hope to find refuge on another planet in our solar system, after our planet (Earth) is inhabitable to stay or live here. The frozen water is a sign that there could be, or was, life on Mars. If they do choose to spend money on Space Exploration, we shouldn’t limit ourselves to Mars, we should continue the attempt to get to Kepler-186f. To find a way to make travel faster, not on just our planet but in the galaxy as well.

    Boys Republic High School
    Period 1

  • Justin Flores

    I believe that NASA should focus on the climate change. I believe this because there is a lot going on with the climate right now. For example, the article states that NASA has observed and shared images of wildfires in Chihuahua, Mexico, and the effects of the California drought. So NASA needs to focus on fixing these problems because there is a lot of climate problems in our country alone. So maybe in the future we can focus more on NASA space exploration but right now we have too many problem with our climate.

  • Annessa Moreno

    I believe NASA is not the issue here; it is us. They are their own organization while we, as humans, are our own party. WE are the ones who cause pollution, WE are the ones who cause destruction, and WE are the ones who cause climate change. It’s just a point of my opinion.

  • Brandon Zimmerman

    My stance on this issue is we must do both to support climate change and space exploration. We also should be letting NASA do whatever they can to learn more about our earth so we no longer neglect it and preserve it for our future generations.

  • Jesse Ramos

    I think that that we should focus more on climate change. Space exploration is important, but out first priority should be climate change. We live on earth and should know what is going on it effects us all other plants and space can wait. I al.so think there needs to be more informatin and data on this topic before there is a final disposition.

  • Michael Alston

    NASA should go with Space Exploration because they could eventually find things in outer space in which could mean another Earth like planet. Besides NASA is well known for its Space Exploration. However if they have enough funding to do both, then they should do both.

  • Sydney Forrest

    NASA should be able to focus on both. They should not be getting funding cut from one program or the other. If they have to pick they should be focusing on climate change because we obviously don’t know everything there is to know about our earth and our atmosphere. Also we live here, we don’t live on mars, we live on earth and we should be focusing on our earth.

  • Jared Lee

    NASA should do both, so that we can find some sort of life outside of Earth.
    We may be able to find some life out in the stars if we are no longer compatible with our own Earth

  • Kelly Terry

    If NASA was to look more in to space we would be able to learn about it. In space there are many things we haven’t discovered yet that we are still waiting to discover.If NASA was to not focus on space than on climate control they may not find anything that can help our planet. If we were to find a new planet that had a new life form similar to humans they may be more evolved

  • Johnathan Dietz

    We should fund Space exploration rather than Climate Change. Climate change is a natural occurrence, and the future is in Space.

  • Juan Gutierrez

    I believe that NASA should study more into our home planet. If NASA studied our home planet a little more then maybe we could not only look into global warming but also look into discovering more about our home planet.

Author

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